ABSTRACT
Objective To study inhibitory effect of serine protease activity by Ulinastatin in vitro .Methods Different chromogenic peptides were designed and synthesized.Highly sensitive fluorescence detection was performed to optimize the concentration of each serine proteases and their chromogenic substrates.Multi-point method was used for the calculation of half maximal inhibitory concentration of Ulinastatin .ResuIts Ulinastain could inhibit Polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase ( PMNE ) and plasmin with IC50 lower than 100 U/mL.For factor Xa, and Kallikrein, the IC50 of Ulinastatin was higher than 1000U/mL.No thrombin IC50 could be calculated at the present experiments.ConcIusion Similar to Ulinastatin injection from Japan, domestic Ulinastatin shows the strongest inhibitory effects on PMNE among those serine proteases.As important references, this study gives reliable data for dose range of domestic Ulinastatin in anti-inflammation, coagulation/anti-coagulation and anti-shock therapy.
ABSTRACT
Gradient System is one of the most important parts of Magnetic Resonance Image System.It is a key factor in the image quality.Therefore,during the whole installation process,advanced gradient system is strictly needed.Firstly,this article gives a clear explanation about the theory and function of the gradient system.Then,it discusses how to make rational use of gradient system to acquire the best image quality.
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Objective To find out about the increase in the expenses of drugs as well as the changes of prices, manufacturing costs, and the distribution of profits in the manufacturing process so as to provide basis for the reform and perfection of the control of drug prices. Methods Using the method of retrospective sampling, investigations were made into the prices of drugs extensively used clinically throughout the country from 1995 to 2002 and analyses were conducted into the manufacturing and operating status of 80 pharmaceutical companies in 18 provinces of the nation and profits and other relevant influencing factors in 48 drug wholesaling enterprises in 20 provinces of the nation in 1999. Results The increment speed of the expenses of drugs in the 90s of the 20 th century in China was above 10%, higher than the increment speed of the GDP; the price index of drugs was on overage higher than the general price index; and the complete manufacturing costs of drugs accounted for 54% of their retail prices. Conclusion The prices of drugs in China might be regarded as appropriate, and yet too large an amount of profits goes into the process of circulation, resulting in insufficient funds for the pharmaceutical industry to conduct research and development.
ABSTRACT
Objective To grasp the features of the macro health economic operation in China in the 1990s. Methods The method of retrospective analysis was used to compare the tendencies of increase in the total health costs, medical expenses, costs of medical services and expenses for medicine in China from 1990 to 2000. Results The total health costs in China were constantly on the increase, with an average annual increase rate of 13 33%. Medical expenses also showed a tendency of accelerated increase from 1993 on, with an average annual increase rate of 10 83%. The average annual rates of increase in costs of medical services and expenses for medicine were respectively 14 14% and 11 07%. From 1994 on, the rate of increase in the above indexes was apparently higher than the growth rate of GDP. Conclusion Although some effects have been achieved through "total quantity control and structural readjustment", the health economic situation in China remains to be further improved when compared with developed countries.